Mu chitsanzo cha fizikisi ya tinthu ndi chiphunzitso cha relativiti yapadera cha Albert Einstein, liwiro la kuwala mu mphepo (c) limagwira ntchito monga chidule cha liwiro la kosmiki chotsimikiza kwa mitundu yonse yodziwika ya chinthu ndi chidziwitso. Komabe, gambalay ya masamu ya relativiti sililetsa mwachindunji kukhalapo kwa tinthu tomwe timayenda mwachangu kuposa kuwala nthawi zonse. Zinthu zolingalirazi zimadziwika monga tachyon.
1. Mbiri ya Kuchokera kwa Tachyon
Malingaliro a tinthu tofulumira kuposa kuwala amabwerera ku chiyambi cha zaka za m'ma 1900. Mu 1917, katswiri wa fizikisi Richard Tolman anazindikira kuti kuyenda mwachangu kuposa kuwala mu gambalay ya relativiti yapadera kudzadzetsa zovuta za chifukwa, zomwe zimadziwika monga paradoksi ya "tachyonic antitelephone".
Koma kupangidwa kwamakonoka kwa malingaliro a tachyon kumaperekedwa kwa katswiri wa fizikisi Gerald Feinberg, yemwe anapanga mawu mu zolemba zake zofunikira za 1967 mu Physical Review. Dzina linatengwa ku mawu a Chigriki tachys, kutanthauza "mwachangu." Pa nthawi yomweyo, akatswiri a fizikisi E.C.G. Sudarshan, O.M.P. Bilaniuk, ndi V.K. Deshpande payekha anapanga gambalay ya kinematiki ya tinthu ta superluminal, kuika zinthu zonse m'magawo atatu:
- Bradyon (kapena Tardyon): Tinthu tolemera kweniku tomwe timayenda pang'onopang'ono kuposa c nthawi zonse.
- Luxon: Tinthu topanda kulemera tomwe timayenda pa c makamaka (monga fotoni).
- Tachyon: Tinthu tolingalira tolemera kolingalira tomwe timayenda mwachangu kuposa c nthawi zonse.
2. Kinematiki ya Kulemera Kolingalira
Kuti timvetse tachyon, tiyenera kuyang'ana pa equation ya enaji-momentum ya relativisti:
Ngati liwiro (v) lili lalikulu kuposa c, mawu (1 - v²/c²) amakhala osatsimikiza. Muzu wa chiwerengero chosatsimikiza umapanga denominator yolingalira. Kuti mphamvu yonse (E) ikhalebe nambala yeniyeni, kulemera kokhazikika (m₀) kuyeneranso kukhala nambala yolingalira. Motero, tachyon amafotokozedwa monga okhala ndi kulemera kolingalira kokhazikika.
Mgwirizano wa Mphamvu-Liwiro Wobwerera
Chimodzi mwa makhalidwe odabwitsa kwambiri a tachyon ndi mmene amayankhe ku kusintha kwa mphamvu. Kwa zinthu wamba, kuwonjezera mphamvu kumakweza liwiro. Kwa tachyon, mgwirizano ndi wobwerera: kutaya mphamvu kumakweza liwiro lawo. Pamene mphamvu ya tachyon imayandikira pa zero, liwiro lake limayandikira pa osatha.
3. Tachyon mu Quantum Field Theory ndi String Theory
Mu chiphunzitso cha quantum field (QFT), tachyon amamvetsetsedwa osati monga chinthu chomwe chimayenda mwachangu kuposa kuwala, koma monga chizindikiro cha kusakhazikika mu dongosolo. Malo a tachyonic amaimira kasinthidwe kokhala pa pamwamba pa mphamvu yoyenera.
Kusakhazikikaku kumathetsedwa ndi njira yodziwika monga tachyon condensation. Chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri ndi mekanismu ya Higgs. Mu chiphunzitso cha chingwe cha bosonic, mkhalidwe wotsika kwambiri wa chingwe ndi tachyon, chomwe chimasonyeza kuti chiphunzitsochi sichimakhazikika.
Mathero
Tachyon amakhalabe monga chinthu chodabwitsa cha masamu ndi chida chofunikira cha chiphunzitso. Ngakhale tinthu thenera tomwe timauluka mu mlengalenga mwachangu kuposa kuwala sitinapezekepo, masamu omwe ali pansi pa kulemera kolingalira ndi malo a tachyonic ndi chinthu chofunikira mu kumvetsetsa kwathu kwamakono kwa chiphunzitso cha quantum field ndi kuchokera kwa kulemera mu chilengedwe chonse.