Kumodeli ejwayelekile wezinhlayiya zefizikhsi nethiyori ye-relativity ekhethekile ka-Albert Einstein, ijubane lokukhanya ku-vacuum (c) liyisilingi esikhulu kunazo zonke izinto eziziwa namandla. Kodwa-ke, uhlaka lwezibalo lwe-relativity aluvimbeli ngokusobala ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezisheshe njalo kunesibani. Lezi zinhlayiya ezicingelwayo zaziwa ngokuthi ama-tachyons.
1. Umsuka Womlando Wama-Tachyons
Umqondo wezinhlayiya ezisheshe kunesibani waqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1900. Ngo-1917, usozifizikhsi uRichard Tolman wathola ukuthi ukuhamba kwe-FTL kuhlaka lwe-relativity ekhethekile kwakuyodala ukwephulwa kokulandelana kwezinto, okwavezwa ngephazeli ye-"tachyonic antitelephone."
Usozifizikhsi uGerald Feinberg wadala igama futhi wathuthukisa ithiyori ye-tachyon encwadini yakhe yango-1967 eyashicilelwa ku-Physical Review. Igama livela egazini lesiGreki tachys elisho "okusheshayo." UFeinberg wahlukanisa zonke izinto zaba izigaba ezintathu:
- Ama-Bradyons: Izinhlayiya ezinesisindo sangempela ezihlala ziphansi kuka-c (njengama-proton, ama-electron).
- Ama-Luxons: Izinhlayiya ezingenasisindo ezihamba ngo-c ngqo (njengamafotha).
- Ama-Tachyons: Izinhlayiya ezicingelwayo ezinesisindo esicatshangwayo ezihlala zingaphezulu kuka-c.
2. Isisindo Esicatshangwayo
Ukuze siqonde ama-tachyons, kufanele sibheke isibalo samandla-isivinini se-relativistic:
Uma ijubane (v) lingaphezulu kuka-c, isisindo senhlayiya (m₀) kufanele sibe yinombolo ecatshangwayo ukuze amandla (E) ahlale engokoqobo. Lokhu kudala isimo esimangalisayo: uma i-tachyon ilahlekelwa amandla, ijubane layo landa. Uma amandla ayo efinyelela ku-zero, ijubane layo alinakubalwa.
3. Ama-Tachyons Kuthiyori Ye-Quantum Field Nethiyori Yentambo
Kufizikhsi yanamuhla, i-tachyon ibonisa isimo esingaqinile ohlelweni, hhayi inhlayiya yangempela ehamba ngokushesha kunesibani. Inkambu enesisindo esicatshangwayo (inkambu ye-tachyonic) ihleli esiqongweni samandla ayo. Lokhu kungaqini kulungiswa ngokuthi Tachyon Condensation, lapho inkambu "igeleza" iye esimweni esiqinile.
Isibonelo esidumile kakhulu yi-nkambu ye-Higgs. Ngaphambi kokuphulwa kwe-symmetry ye-electroweak, inkambu ye-Higgs yayiyi-tachyonic. Lapho inkambu igeleza, yaphula i-symmetry yanikeza izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo isisindo.
4. Izilingo Ne-Anomaly Ye-OPERA
Iminyaka eyevile kweyishumi, osozifizikhsi bebesola ama-tachyons besebenzisa ama-detector e-cosmic ray nama-particle accelerator. Akukho bufakazi obutholakele.
Udaba oludume kakhulu yi-anomaly ye-neutrino ye-OPERA yango-2011. Iqembu le-OPERA labika ukuthi ama-muon neutrino awadutshulwa e-CERN afika ngaphambi kokukhanya ngama-nanosecond angu-60. Kodwa uphenyo olwalandela lwathola ukuthi iphutha lalisuka ku-fiber optic cable ekhululekile. Ngemva kokulungiswa, ijubane le-neutrino laqinisekiswa ukuthi lihambisana nejubane lokukhanya.
Isiphetho
Ama-tachyons asaqhubeka eyithuluzi lethiyori elihle nelibalulekile. Nakuba izinhlayiya ezisheshe kunesibani zingakaze zibonwe, izibalo zesisindo esicatshangwayo ne-tachyon condensation zibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu kwanamuhla ngethiyori ye-quantum field nomsuka wesisindo emhlabeni.