A cikin tsarin kwayoyi na yau da kullun da ka'idar dangantakar musamman ta Albert Einstein, saurin haske a cikin fanko (c) shine babban iyakar saurin kayan da aka sani da bayanai duka. Amma tsarin lissafin dangantaka bai haramta kasancewar kwayoyin da kullum suka fi haske sauri ba. Wadannan kwayoyin da ake hasashe ana kiransu tachyons.
1. Asalin Tarihi na Tachyons
Tunanin kwayoyin da suka fi haske sauri ya fara ne tun farkon karni na 20. A 1917, masanin kimiyya Richard Tolman ya gano cewa tafiyar FTL a cikin tsarin dangantakar musamman zai haifar da karya dalili, wanda aka bayyana a cikin matsalar "tachyonic antitelephone."
Masanin kimiyya Gerald Feinberg ya kirkiro kalmar kuma ya samar da ka'idar tachyon a cikin takardarsa ta 1967 da aka buga a Physical Review. Sunan ya fito ne daga kalmar Helenanci tachys ma'anarsa "mai sauri." Feinberg ya raba dukkan kayan duniya zuwa rukuni uku:
- Bradyons: Kwayoyin da ke da nauyi na gaske kuma kullum suna kasa da c (misali, protons, electrons).
- Luxons: Kwayoyin marasa nauyi da ke tafiya daidai da c (misali, photons).
- Tachyons: Kwayoyin da ake hasashe masu nauyin hasashe kuma kullum suna fiye da c.
2. Nauyin Hasashe
Don fahimtar tachyons, dole ne mu duba daidaiton makamashi-xoog na relativistic:
Idan sauri (v) ya fi c, nauyin kwayar (m₀) dole ne ya zama lambar hasashe don makamashi (E) ya kasance na gaske. Wannan yana haifar da hali mai ban mamaki: idan tachyon ya rasa makamashi, saurinsa yana karuwa. Idan makamashinsa ya zama sifili, saurinsa ya zama maras iyaka.
3. Tachyons a Ka'idar Quantum Field da Ka'idar Kirtani
A kimiyyar lissafi na zamani, tachyon yana nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali na tsari, ba kwayar da ke tafiya fiye da haske ba. Filin da ke da nauyin hasashe (filin tachyonic) yana zaune a mafi girman makamashin yiwuwar sa. Ana magance wannan rashin kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar Tachyon Condensation, inda filin ya "gangara" zuwa mafi karancin kwanciyar hankali.
Misali mafi shahara shine filin Higgs. Kafin a karya symmetry na electroweak, filin Higgs ya kasance tachyonic ne. Da filin ya gangara, ya karya symmetry kuma ya ba da nauyi ga kwayoyin asali.
4. Gwaje-gwaje da Anomalin OPERA
Fiye da shekaru goma, masana kimiyyar lissafi sun yi bincike mai tsanani don neman tachyons ta amfani da na'urorin cosmic ray da particle accelerators. Ba a samu wani tabbaci ba.
Shari'ar da ta fi shahara ita ce anomalin neutrino OPERA na 2011. Kungiyar OPERA ta bayar da rahoton cewa muon neutrinos da aka harba daga CERN sun isa kafin haske da nanoseconds 60. Amma bincike na gaba ya gano cewa kuskuren ya fito ne daga kebul na fiber optic mai sassauci. Bayan gyara, an tabbatar cewa saurin neutrino ya yi daidai da saurin haske.
Kammalawa
Tachyons suna ci gaba da kasancewa kayan aikin ka'ida masu kyau da muhimmanci. Ko da yake ba a taba ganin kwayoyin da suka fi haske sauri ba, lissafin nauyin hasashe da tachyon condensation suna da muhimmanci ga fahimtarmu na zamani game da ka'idar quantum field da asalin nauyi a cikin duniya.